Dr. Michael Saini
Professor and Endowed Chair of Law and Social Work at the Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto
Supervised parenting plans are often framed as a way to manage risk, monitor behaviour, and preserve parent-child contact when concerns have been raised about safety, emotional harm, or strained relationships. Yet supervision also raises a central question: what kind of trust has been damaged, and what incremental steps are needed before parenting time can safely become less restrictive?
This presentation introduces the trust factor as a practical framework for designing supervised parenting plans. Trust is not treated as a single feeling or a binary judgment. Instead, the presentation distinguishes among different forms of trust that may need to be assessed and rebuilt over time. Calculus-based trust develops when a parent demonstrates compliance with expectations, follows rules, respects boundaries, and shows that predictable, safe behaviour can be relied upon. Knowledge-based trust emerges through repeated experiences that allow the child, supervisor, and other parent to better understand how the parent responds to stress, limits, disappointment, and the child’s emotional cues. Identification-based trust reflects a deeper level of relational repair, where the child experiences the parent as emotionally attuned, accountable, respectful, and able to hold the child’s needs in mind.
Using this framework, supervised parenting plans can be structured as incremental pathways rather than static arrangements. Early stages may focus on safety and behavioural reliability; later stages may assess consistency, emotional regulation, responsiveness, and insight. Participants will consider how courts, supervisors, and parents can use observable indicators, review points, and step-up criteria to support plans that are transparent, proportional, developmentally sensitive, and focused on both protection and repair.